References
From "Medical Professionals" Section
From "Diabetes Overview" page
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011," available at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/ pubs/factsheet11.htm
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Tuomilehto J, et al, "Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance," N Engl J Med. 2001; 344 (18): 1343–50.
5 The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, "Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin," N Engl J Med. 2002; 346 (6): 393–403.
6 Nichols G et al, "Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glucose to type 2 diabetes," Diabetes Care. 2007; 30: 228–233.
7,8 Adapted from Ramlo-Halsted BA et al, "The Natural History of Diabetes: Practical points to consider in developing prevention and treatment strategies," Clinical Diabetes. 2000; 18; and Zinman B et al, "Type 2 Diabetes BASICS," Minneapolis, MN: International diabetes Center, 2000.
9 Nichols G et al, "Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glucose to type 2 diabetes," Diabetes Care. 2007; 30: 228–233.
10 Genuth S et al, "Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus," Diabetes Care. 2003; 26: 3160 –3167.
11 Nichols G et al "Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glucose to type 2 diabetes," Diabetes Care. 2007; 30:228–233.
12 Selvin E et al, "Short-term variability in measures of glycemia and implications for the classification of diabetes," Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(14): 1545–1551.
13 Selvin E et al, "Short-term variability in measures of glycemia and implications for the classification of diabetes," Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(14): 1545–1551.
14 Stern MP, K Williams, and SM Haffner, "Identification of persons at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: do we need the oral glucose tolerance test?" Ann Intern Med. 2002; 136: 575–581.
15 Wilson PW, JB Meigs, L Sullivan, CS Fox, DM Nathan, and RB D’Agostino Sr, "Prediction of incident diabetes mellitus in middle-aged adults: the Framingham Offspring Study," Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167: 1068–1074.
16 Glumer C, D Vistisen, K Borch-Johnsen, and S Colagiuri, "Risk scores for type 2 diabetes can be applied in some populations but not all," Diabetes Care. 2006; 29: 410–414.
17 Kahn HS et al, "Two risk-scoring systems for predicting incident diabetes mellitus in U.S. adults age 45 to 64 years," Annals of Inernal Medicine. 2009; 150:741–750.
18 Lyssenko V et al, "Clinical risk factors, DNA variants, and the development of type 2 diabetes," N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 2220–2232.
19 Meigs JB et al, "Genotype score in addition to common risk factors for prediction of type 2 diabetes," N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 2208–2219.
20 American Diabetes Association, "Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus," Diabetes Care. 2010: 33: S62–S69720–727.
21 Kolberg J et al, "Development of a type 2 diabetes risk model from a panel of serum biomarkers from the Inter99 cohort," Diabetes Care. 2009; 32: 1207–1212.
From "About PreDx" page
22 "Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors," available at http://diabetes.webmd.com/guide/risk-diabetes acces,sed July 16, 2010.
23 James C et al, "Implications of Alternative Definitions of Prediabetes for Prevalence in the U.S. Aduits", Diabetes Care. 2011; 34:387-391.
24 Nichols G et al "Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glucose to type 2 diabetes," Diabetes Care. 2007; 30: 228–233.
25 Garber A et al, "Diagnosis and management of prediabetes in the continuum of hyperglycemia-when do the risks of diabetes begin? A consensus statement from the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists," Endocrine Practice. 2008; 14:933–946.
26 McKenna M et al, "Validation of the diabetes risk score, a multi-marker panel that assesses the risk of type 2 diabetes; combined results of the Inter99 and Botnia studies," poster presented at the 69th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, 2009.
27 Kolberg J et al "Performance of a multi-marker diabetes risk score on the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS), a multi-ethnic U.S. cohort," presented at the 6th World Congress on the Prevention of Diabetes and its Complications, April 8–11, 2010, Dresden, Germany.
From "Enhanced Stratification" page
28 "Type 2 diabetes - risk factors." http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002072.htm acces,sed February 2011.
29 Urdea M et al, "Validation of a multimarker model for assessing risk of type 2 diabetes from a five-year prospective study of 6784 Danish people (Inter99)," Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009; 3:748–755.
30 Garber A et al, "Diagnosis and management of prediabetes in the continuum of hyperglycemia-when do the risks of diabetes begin? A consensus statement from the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists," Endocrine Practice. 2008; 14:933–946.
31 Urdea M et al, "Validation of a multimarker model for assessing risk of type 2 diabetes from a five-year prospective study of 6784 Danish people (Inter99)," Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009; 3:748–755.
32 McKenna M et al, "Validation of the diabetes risk score, a multi-marker panel that assesses the risk of type 2 diabetes; combined results of the Inter99 and Botnia studies," poster presented at the 69th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, 2009.
33 Urdea M et al, "Validation of a multimarker model for assessing risk of type 2 diabetes from a five-year prospective study of 6784 Danish people (Inter99)," Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009; 3:748–755.
34 "How Is Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosed?," available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/ms/ms_diagnosis.html (accessed July 16, 2010.
35,36 Urdea M et al, "Validation of a multimarker model for assessing risk of type 2 diabetes from a five-year prospective study of 6784 Danish people (Inter99)," Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009; 3:748–755.
From "Development & Validation" page
37 Balkau B et al, "Predicting diabetes: clinical, biological, and genetic approaches: data from the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome(DESIR)," Diabetes Care. 2008; 31 (10): 2056–61.
38 Kahn SE, "The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes," Diabetologia. 2003; 46 (1): 3–19.
39 Goldstein BJ et al, "Protective vascular and myocardial effects of adiponectin," Nat Clin Pract Cardiovacs Med. 2009; 6 (1): 25–35.
40 Duncan BB et al, "Adiponectin and the development of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study," Diabetes. 2004; 53 (9): 2473–78.
41 de Rooij SR et al, "Low-grade chronic inflammation in the relationship between insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease (RISC) population: associations with insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk profile," Diabetes Care. 2009; 32 (7): 1295–301.
42,43 Kolberg JA, T Jorgensen, RW Gerwien, et al, "Development of a type 2 diabetes risk model from a panel of serum biomarkers from the Inter99 cohort," Diabetes Care. 2009; 32 (7):1207–1212.
44 American Diabetes Association, "Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus," Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: S5-S10.
45 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), "Insulin Resistance and Pre-diabetes," NIH Publication No. 09 4893, 2008, available at http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
46 Ferrannini E and A Mari Beta, "Cell function and its relation to insulin action in humans: a critical appraisal," Diabetologia. 2004; 47 (5): 943–56.
47 Kahn SE, "The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes," Diabetologia. 2003; 46 (1): 3–19.
48 Weyer C et al, "The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus," J Clin Invest. 1999; 104 (6): 787–94.
49 Pratley RE and C Weyer, "The role of impaired early insulin secretion in the pathogenesis of Type II diabetes mellitus," Diabetologia. 2001; 44 (8): 929–45.
50 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), "Insulin Resistance and Pre-diabetes," NIH Publication No. 09 4893, 2008, available at http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
51 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), "Insulin Resistance and Pre-diabetes," NIH Publication No. 09 4893, 2008, available at http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
52 Peterson KP et al, "What is hemoglobin A1c? An analysis of glycated hemoglobins by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry," Clin Chem. 1998; 44 (9): 1951–8.
53 de Luca C and JM Olefsky, "Inflammation and insulin resistance," FEBS Lett. 2008; 582 (1): 97–105.
54 Freeman DJ et al, "C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of risk for the development of diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study," Diabetes. 2002; 51 (5): 1596–600.
55 Pradhan AD et al, "C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus," JAMA. 2001; 286 (3): 327–34.
56 Doi Y et al, "Elevated C-reactive protein is a predictor of the development of diabetes in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama Study," Diabetes Care. 2005; 28 (10): 2497–500.
57 Festa A and R D’Agostino Jr, "RP Tracy and SM Haffner, Elevated levels of acute-phase proteins and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predict the development of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study," Diabetes. 2002; 51 (4): 1131–7.
58 Forouhi NG et al, "Elevated serum ferritin levels predict new-onset type 2 diabetes: results from the EPIC-norfolk prospective study," Diabetologia 2007; 50(5):949–956.
59 Jehn ML et al, "A prospective study of plasma ferritin level and incident diabetes," Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165(9):1047–1054.
60 Forouhi NG et al, "Elevated serum ferritin levels predict new-onset type 2 diabetes: results from the EPIC-Norfolk prospective study," Diabetologia. 2007; 50 (5): 949–56.
61 Olejniczak K and A Kasprzak, "Biological properties of interleukin 2 and its role in pathogenesis of selected diseases—a review," Med Sci Monit. _2008; 14 (10): RA179–89.
62 Makis AC et al, "Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha (sIL-2Ralpha) as a predictor of outcome in brucellosis," J Infect._ 2005; 51 (3):206–10.
63 Giordano C et al, "Increased soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in the sera of type 1 diabetic patients," Diabetes Res. 1988; 8 (3): 135–8.
64 Doganay S et al, "Comparison of serum NO, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, sIL-2R, IL-6 and IL-8 levels with grades of retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus," Eye. 2002; 16 (2): 163–70.
65 Pereira FO, TS Frode, and YS Medeiros, "Evaluation of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-2 soluble receptor, nitric oxide metabolites, and lipids as inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus," Mediators Inflamm. 2006 (1): 39062.
66 Greenberg SJ et al, "Elevated levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptors in multiple sclerosis," N Engl J Med. 1988; 319 (15): 1019–20.
67 Caruso C et al, "Biological significance of soluble IL-2 receptor," Mediators Inflamm. 1993; 2 (1): 3–21.
68 Fonseca-Alaniz MH et al, "Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ: from theory to practice," J Pediatr. 2007; 83 (5 Suppl): S192–203.
69 Goldstein BJ et al, "Protective vascular and myocardial effects of adiponectin," Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2009; 6 (1): 27–35.
70 Mather KJ et al, "Adiponectin, change in adiponectin, and progression to diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program," Diabetes. 2008; 57 (4): 980–6.
71 Duncan BB et al, "Adiponectin and the development of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study," Diabetes. 2004; 53 (9): 2473–8.
72 Lindsay RS et al, "Adiponectin and development of type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population," Lancet. 2002; 360 (9326): 57–8.
73 Spranger J et al, "Adiponectin and protection against type 2 diabetes mellitus," Lancet. 2003; 361 (9353): 226–8.
74 Daimon M et al, "Decreased serum levels of adiponectin are a risk factor for the progression to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese Population: the Funagata study," Diabetes Care. 2003; 26 (7): 2015–20.
75 Snehalatha C et al, "Plasma adiponectin is an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians," Diabetes Care.2003; 26 (12): 3226–9.
76 Knobler H et al, "Adiponectin and the development of diabetes in patients with coronary artery disease and impaired fasting glucose," Eur J Endocrinol. 2006; 154 (1): 87–92.
77 Kolberg JA et al, "Development of a type 2 diabetes risk model from a panel of serum biomarkers from the Inter99 cohort," Diabetes Care. 2009; 32 (7):1207–1212.
78 McKenna M et al, "Validation of the diabetes risk score, a multi-marker panel that assesses the risk of type 2 diabetes; combined results of the Inter99 and Botnia studies," Poster presented at the 69th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, 2009.
79 Kolberg J et al, "Performance of a multi-marker diabetes risk score on the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS), a multi-ethnic U.S. cohort," Presented at the 6th World Congress on the Prevention of Diabetes and its Complications, April 8–11, 2010, Dresden Germany.
From "Patients" section
From "About Diabetes" page
1 National Diabetes Fact Sheet of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; NCHS; CDC; ADA; AACE; http://www.dagc.org/diastatsUS.asp
2 Centers for Disease Control. FASTSTATS. January, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/diabetes.htm
3 http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/fact_sheets/diabetes.htm (accessed Feb 2010)
4 National Diabetes Fact Sheet of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; NCHS; CDC; ADA; AACE; http://www.dagc.org/diastatsUS.asp
5 The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346 (6): 393–403.
6 Tuomilehto J, J Lindstrom, JG Eriksson, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344 (18): 1343–50.
7 http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/prevention/risk-factors/ Acces.sed July 16, 2010
From "PreDx Diabetes Risk Score" page
8,9 Kolberg J et al. Development of a type 2 diabetes risk model from a panel of serum biomarkers from the Inter99 cohort. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32: 1207-1212
From "Healthier Lifestyle" page
10-12 The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346 (6): 393–403.
13 Nathan DM, LM Delahanty. Beating Diabetes. McGraw Hill Publishing, New York, 2005
14 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002449.htm accessed August 2010
15,16 http://www.diabetes.org/food-and-fitness/fitness/fitness-management/top-10-benefits-of-being.html accessed July 22, 2010
From "PreDx DRS Stories" page
17 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011," available at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/factsheet11.html
18 The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, "Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin," N Engl J Med. 2022; 346 (6): 393-403.
From "About Tethys" section
1 Buchanan TA, AH Xiang, RK Peters, et al, "Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk Hispanic women," Diabetes. 2002; 51 (9): 2796–803.
2 Chiasson JL, RG Josse, R Gomis, et al, "Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial," Lancet. 2002; 359 (9323): 2072–7.
3 Gerstein HC, S Yusuf, J Bosch, et al, "Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial," Lancet. 2006; 368 (9541): 1096–1105.
4 Tuomilehto J, J Lindstrom, JG Eriksson, et al, "Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance," N Engl J Med. 2001; 344 (18): 1343–50.
5 The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group "Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin," N Engl J Med. 2002; 346 (6): 393–403.
6 Gillies CL, KR Abrams, PC Lambert, et al, "Pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: systematic review and meta–analysis," BMJ. 2007; 334 (7588): 299.