References

From "Medical Professionals" Section

From "Diabetes Overview" page
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011," available at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/ pubs/factsheet11.htm
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Tuomilehto J, et al, "Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance," N Engl J Med. 2001; 344 (18): 1343–50.
5 The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, "Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin," N Engl J Med. 2002; 346 (6): 393–403.
6 Nichols G et al, "Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glucose to type 2 diabetes," Diabetes Care. 2007; 30: 228–233.
7,8 Adapted from Ramlo-Halsted BA et al, "The Natural History of Diabetes: Practical points to consider in developing prevention and treatment strategies," Clinical Diabetes. 2000; 18; and Zinman B et al, "Type 2 Diabetes BASICS," Minneapolis, MN: International diabetes Center, 2000.
9 Nichols G et al, "Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glucose to type 2 diabetes," Diabetes Care. 2007; 30: 228–233.
10 Genuth S et al, "Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus," Diabetes Care. 2003; 26: 3160 –3167.
11 Nichols G et al "Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glucose to type 2 diabetes," Diabetes Care. 2007; 30:228–233.
12 Selvin E et al, "Short-term variability in measures of glycemia and implications for the classification of diabetes," Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(14): 1545–1551.
13 Selvin E et al, "Short-term variability in measures of glycemia and implications for the classification of diabetes," Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(14): 1545–1551.
14 Stern MP, K Williams, and SM Haffner, "Identification of persons at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: do we need the oral glucose tolerance test?" Ann Intern Med. 2002; 136: 575–581.
15 Wilson PW, JB Meigs, L Sullivan, CS Fox, DM Nathan, and RB D’Agostino Sr, "Prediction of incident diabetes mellitus in middle-aged adults: the Framingham Offspring Study," Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167: 1068–1074.
16 Glumer C, D Vistisen, K Borch-Johnsen, and S Colagiuri, "Risk scores for type 2 diabetes can be applied in some populations but not all," Diabetes Care. 2006; 29: 410–414.
17 Kahn HS et al, "Two risk-scoring systems for predicting incident diabetes mellitus in U.S. adults age 45 to 64 years," Annals of Inernal Medicine. 2009; 150:741–750.
18 Lyssenko V et al, "Clinical risk factors, DNA variants, and the development of type 2 diabetes," N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 2220–2232.
19 Meigs JB et al, "Genotype score in addition to common risk factors for prediction of type 2 diabetes," N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 2208–2219.
20 American Diabetes Association, "Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus," Diabetes Care. 2010: 33: S62–S69720–727.
21 Kolberg J et al, "Development of a type 2 diabetes risk model from a panel of serum biomarkers from the Inter99 cohort," Diabetes Care. 2009; 32: 1207–1212.

From "About PreDx" page
22 "Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors," available at http://diabetes.webmd.com/guide/risk-diabetes, accessed July 16, 2010.
23 James C et al, "Implications of Alternative Definitions of Prediabetes for Prevalence in the U.S. Aduits", Diabetes Care. 2011; 34:387-391.
24 Nichols G et al "Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glucose to type 2 diabetes," Diabetes Care. 2007; 30: 228–233.
25 Garber A et al, "Diagnosis and management of prediabetes in the continuum of hyperglycemia-when do the risks of diabetes begin? A consensus statement from the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists," Endocrine Practice. 2008; 14:933–946.
26 McKenna M et al, "Validation of the diabetes risk score, a multi-marker panel that assesses the risk of type 2 diabetes; combined results of the Inter99 and Botnia studies," poster presented at the 69th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, 2009.
27 Kolberg J et al "Performance of a multi-marker diabetes risk score on the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS), a multi-ethnic U.S. cohort," presented at the 6th World Congress on the Prevention of Diabetes and its Complications, April 8–11, 2010, Dresden, Germany.

From "Enhanced Stratification" page
28 "Type 2 diabetes - risk factors." http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002072.htm, accessed February 2011.
29 Urdea M et al, "Validation of a multimarker model for assessing risk of type 2 diabetes from a five-year prospective study of 6784 Danish people (Inter99)," Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009; 3:748–755.
30 Garber A et al, "Diagnosis and management of prediabetes in the continuum of hyperglycemia-when do the risks of diabetes begin? A consensus statement from the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists," Endocrine Practice. 2008; 14:933–946.
31 Urdea M et al, "Validation of a multimarker model for assessing risk of type 2 diabetes from a five-year prospective study of 6784 Danish people (Inter99)," Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009; 3:748–755.
32 McKenna M et al, "Validation of the diabetes risk score, a multi-marker panel that assesses the risk of type 2 diabetes; combined results of the Inter99 and Botnia studies," poster presented at the 69th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, 2009.
33 Urdea M et al, "Validation of a multimarker model for assessing risk of type 2 diabetes from a five-year prospective study of 6784 Danish people (Inter99)," Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009; 3:748–755.
34 "How Is Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosed?," available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/ms/ms_diagnosis.html (accessed July 16, 2010.
35,36 Urdea M et al, "Validation of a multimarker model for assessing risk of type 2 diabetes from a five-year prospective study of 6784 Danish people (Inter99)," Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009; 3:748–755.

From "Development & Validation" page
37 Balkau B et al, "Predicting diabetes: clinical, biological, and genetic approaches: data from the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome(DESIR)," Diabetes Care. 2008; 31 (10): 2056–61.
38 Kahn SE, "The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes," Diabetologia. 2003; 46 (1): 3–19.
39 Goldstein BJ et al, "Protective vascular and myocardial effects of adiponectin," Nat Clin Pract Cardiovacs Med. 2009; 6 (1): 25–35.
40 Duncan BB et al, "Adiponectin and the development of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study," Diabetes. 2004; 53 (9): 2473–78.
41 de Rooij SR et al, "Low-grade chronic inflammation in the relationship between insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease (RISC) population: associations with insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk profile," Diabetes Care. 2009; 32 (7): 1295–301.
42,43 Kolberg JA, T Jorgensen, RW Gerwien, et al, "Development of a type 2 diabetes risk model from a panel of serum biomarkers from the Inter99 cohort," Diabetes Care. 2009; 32 (7):1207–1212.
44 American Diabetes Association, "Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus," Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: S5-S10.
45 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), "Insulin Resistance and Pre-diabetes," NIH Publication No. 09 4893, 2008, available at www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
46 Ferrannini E and A Mari Beta, "Cell function and its relation to insulin action in humans: a critical appraisal," Diabetologia. 2004; 47 (5): 943–56.
47 Kahn SE, "The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes," Diabetologia. 2003; 46 (1): 3–19.
48 Weyer C et al, "The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus," J Clin Invest. 1999; 104 (6): 787–94.
49 Pratley RE and C Weyer, "The role of impaired early insulin secretion in the pathogenesis of Type II diabetes mellitus," Diabetologia. 2001; 44 (8): 929–45.
50 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), "Insulin Resistance and Pre-diabetes," NIH Publication No. 09 4893, 2008, available at www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
51 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), "Insulin Resistance and Pre-diabetes," NIH Publication No. 09 4893, 2008, available at www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
52 Peterson KP et al, "What is hemoglobin A1c? An analysis of glycated hemoglobins by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry," Clin Chem. 1998; 44 (9): 1951–8.
53 de Luca C and JM Olefsky, "Inflammation and insulin resistance," FEBS Lett. 2008; 582 (1): 97–105.
54 Freeman DJ et al, "C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of risk for the development of diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study," Diabetes. 2002; 51 (5): 1596–600.
55 Pradhan AD et al, "C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus," JAMA. 2001; 286 (3): 327–34.
56 Doi Y et al, "Elevated C-reactive protein is a predictor of the development of diabetes in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama Study," Diabetes Care. 2005; 28 (10): 2497–500.
57 Festa A and R D’Agostino Jr, "RP Tracy and SM Haffner, Elevated levels of acute-phase proteins and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predict the development of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study," Diabetes. 2002; 51 (4): 1131–7.
58 Forouhi NG et al, "Elevated serum ferritin levels predict new-onset type 2 diabetes: results from the EPIC-norfolk prospective study," Diabetologia 2007; 50(5):949–956.
59 Jehn ML et al, "A prospective study of plasma ferritin level and incident diabetes," Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165(9):1047–1054.
60 Forouhi NG et al, "Elevated serum ferritin levels predict new-onset type 2 diabetes: results from the EPIC-Norfolk prospective study," Diabetologia. 2007; 50 (5): 949–56.
61 Olejniczak K and A Kasprzak, "Biological properties of interleukin 2 and its role in pathogenesis of selected diseases—a review," Med Sci Monit. _2008; 14 (10): RA179–89.
62 Makis AC et al, "Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha (sIL-2Ralpha) as a predictor of outcome in brucellosis," J Infect._ 2005; 51 (3):206–10.
63 Giordano C et al, "Increased soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in the sera of type 1 diabetic patients," Diabetes Res. 1988; 8 (3): 135–8.
64 Doganay S et al, "Comparison of serum NO, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, sIL-2R, IL-6 and IL-8 levels with grades of retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus," Eye. 2002; 16 (2): 163–70.
65 Pereira FO, TS Frode, and YS Medeiros, "Evaluation of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-2 soluble receptor, nitric oxide metabolites, and lipids as inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus," Mediators Inflamm. 2006 (1): 39062.
66 Greenberg SJ et al, "Elevated levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptors in multiple sclerosis," N Engl J Med. 1988; 319 (15): 1019–20.
67 Caruso C et al, "Biological significance of soluble IL-2 receptor," Mediators Inflamm. 1993; 2 (1): 3–21.
68 Fonseca-Alaniz MH et al, "Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ: from theory to practice," J Pediatr. 2007; 83 (5 Suppl): S192–203.
69 Goldstein BJ et al, "Protective vascular and myocardial effects of adiponectin," Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2009; 6 (1): 27–35.
70 Mather KJ et al, "Adiponectin, change in adiponectin, and progression to diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program," Diabetes. 2008; 57 (4): 980–6.
71 Duncan BB et al, "Adiponectin and the development of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study," Diabetes. 2004; 53 (9): 2473–8.
72 Lindsay RS et al, "Adiponectin and development of type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population," Lancet. 2002; 360 (9326): 57–8.
73 Spranger J et al, "Adiponectin and protection against type 2 diabetes mellitus," Lancet. 2003; 361 (9353): 226–8.
74 Daimon M et al, "Decreased serum levels of adiponectin are a risk factor for the progression to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese Population: the Funagata study," Diabetes Care. 2003; 26 (7): 2015–20.
75 Snehalatha C et al, "Plasma adiponectin is an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians," Diabetes Care.2003; 26 (12): 3226–9.
76 Knobler H et al, "Adiponectin and the development of diabetes in patients with coronary artery disease and impaired fasting glucose," Eur J Endocrinol. 2006; 154 (1): 87–92.
77 Kolberg JA et al, "Development of a type 2 diabetes risk model from a panel of serum biomarkers from the Inter99 cohort," Diabetes Care. 2009; 32 (7):1207–1212.
78 McKenna M et al, "Validation of the diabetes risk score, a multi-marker panel that assesses the risk of type 2 diabetes; combined results of the Inter99 and Botnia studies," Poster presented at the 69th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, 2009.
79 Kolberg J et al, "Performance of a multi-marker diabetes risk score on the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS), a multi-ethnic U.S. cohort," Presented at the 6th World Congress on the Prevention of Diabetes and its Complications, April 8–11, 2010, Dresden Germany.

From "Patients" section

From "About Diabetes" page
1 National Diabetes Fact Sheet of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; NCHS; CDC; ADA; AACE; http://www.dagc.org/diastatsUS.asp
2 Centers for Disease Control. FASTSTATS. January, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/diabetes.htm
3 http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/fact_sheets/diabetes.htm (accessed Feb 2010)
4 National Diabetes Fact Sheet of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; NCHS; CDC; ADA; AACE; http://www.dagc.org/diastatsUS.asp
5 The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346 (6): 393–403.
6 Tuomilehto J, J Lindstrom, JG Eriksson, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344 (18): 1343–50.
7 http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/prevention/risk-factors/. Accessed July 16, 2010

From "PreDx Diabetes Risk Score" page
8,9 Kolberg J et al. Development of a type 2 diabetes risk model from a panel of serum biomarkers from the Inter99 cohort. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32: 1207-1212

From "Healthier Lifestyle" page
10-12 The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346 (6): 393–403.
13 Nathan DM, LM Delahanty. Beating Diabetes. McGraw Hill Publishing, New York, 2005
14 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002449.htm accessed August 2010
15,16 http://www.diabetes.org/food-and-fitness/fitness/fitness-management/top-10-benefits-of-being.html accessed July 22, 2010

From "PreDx DRS Stories" page
17 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011," available at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/factsheet11.html
18 The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, "Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin," N Engl J Med. 2022; 346 (6): 393-403.

From "About Tethys" section

1 Buchanan TA, AH Xiang, RK Peters, et al, "Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk Hispanic women," Diabetes. 2002; 51 (9): 2796–803.
2 Chiasson JL, RG Josse, R Gomis, et al, "Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial," Lancet. 2002; 359 (9323): 2072–7.
3 Gerstein HC, S Yusuf, J Bosch, et al, "Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial," Lancet. 2006; 368 (9541): 1096–1105.
4 Tuomilehto J, J Lindstrom, JG Eriksson, et al, "Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance," N Engl J Med. 2001; 344 (18): 1343–50.
5 The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group "Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin," N Engl J Med. 2002; 346 (6): 393–403.
6 Gillies CL, KR Abrams, PC Lambert, et al, "Pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: systematic review and meta–analysis," BMJ. 2007; 334 (7588): 299.